InfoWorld’s 2018 Technology of the Year Award winners

InfoWorld’s 2018 Technology of the Year Award winners

The Open Compute Project’s open hardware standards have done much to push forward the development of cloud-scale hardware. By sharing designs for connectors, racks, servers, switches, and storage hardware, the OCP has defined a new generation of data center technologies and made them widely available – and able to be manufactured at the scale the big public clouds need.

Project Olympus is one of Microsoft’s open hardware designs, shared with OCP members and driven as an open design project with multiple forks of Microsoft’s initial spec. Built around the OCP’s Universal Motherboard specification, Project Olympus is a flexible compute server, with support for Intel, AMD, and ARM64 processors as well as FPGA, GPGPU, and other specialized silicon to add features as needed.

The initial Project Olympus hardware has been joined by a second, deeper chassis design, the Project Olympus Hyperscale GPU Accelerator. The “HGX-1” hosts eight Pascal-class Nvidia GPUs for machine learning workloads. Four HGX-1 servers can be linked together via Nvidia’s NVLink to give you up to 32 GPUS, ideal for complex workloads.

Cloud data centers need lots of hardware, but workloads are moving away from the one-size-fits-all x86 server. The flexible Project Olympus design allows the same chassis to support different motherboards and thus handle the varied workloads running on modern cloud infrastructures. And as it’s open hardware, it can be produced by any manufacturer, ensuring wide availability and low prices.

— Simon Bisson

Source: InfoWorld Big Data

What is big data? Everything you need to know

What is big data? Everything you need to know

Every day human beings eat, sleep, work, play, and produce data—lots and lots of data. According to IBM, the human race generates 2.5 quintillion (25 billion billion) bytes of data every day. That’s the equivalent of a stack of DVDs reaching to the moon and back, and encompasses everything from the texts we send and photos we upload to industrial sensor metrics and machine-to-machine communications.

That’s a big reason why “big data” has become such a common catch phrase. Simply put, when people talk about big data, they mean the ability to take large portions of this data, analyze it, and turn it into something useful.

Exactly what is big data?

But big data is much more than that. It’s about:

  • taking vast quantities of data, often from multiple sources
  • and not just lots of data but different kinds of data—often, multiple kinds of data at the same time, as well as data that changed over time—that didn’t need to be first transformed into a specific format or made consistent
  • and analyzing the data in a way that allows for ongoing analysis of the same data pools for different purposes
  • and doing all of that quickly, even in real time.

In the early days, the industry came up with an acronym to describe three of these four facets: VVV, for volume (the vast quantities), variety (the different kinds of data and the fact that data changes over time), and velocity (speed).

Big data vs. the data warehouse

What the VVV acronym missed was the key notion that data did not need to be permanently changed (transformed) to be analyzed. That nondestructive analysis meant that organizations could both analyze the same pools of data for different purposes and could analyze data from sources gathered for different purposes.

By contrast, the data warehouse was purpose-built to analyze specific data for specific purposes, and the data was structured and converted to specific formats, with the original data essentially destroyed in the process, for that specific purpose—and no other—in what was called extract, transform, and load (ETL). Data warehousing’s ETL approach limited analysis to specific data for specific analyses. That was fine when all your data existed in your transaction systems, but not so much in today’s internet-connected world with data from everywhere.

However, don’t think for a moment that big data makes the data warehouse obsolete.  Big data systems let you work with unstructured data largely as it comes, but the type of query results you get is nowhere near the sophistication of the data warehouse. After all, the data warehouse is designed to get deep into data, and it can do that precisely because it has transformed all the data into a consistent format that lets you do things like build cubes for deep drilldown? Data warehousing vendors have spent many years optimizing their query engines to answer the queries typical of a business environment.

Big data lets you anayze much more data from more sources, but at less resolution. Thus, we will be living with both traditional data warehouses and the new style for some time to come.  

The technology breakthroughs behind big data

To accomplish the four required facets of big data—volume, variety, nondestructive use, and speed—required several technology breakthroughs, including the development of a distributed file system (Hadoop), a method to make sense of disparate data on the fly (first Google’s MapReduce, and more recently Apache Spark), and a cloud/internet infrastructure for accessing and moving the data as needed.

Until about a dozen years ago, it wasn’t possible to manipulate more than a relatively small amount of data at any one time. (Well, we all thought our data warehouses were massive at the time. The context has shifted dramatically since then as the internet produced and connected data everywhere.) Limitations on the amount and location of data storage, computing power, and the ability to handle disparate data formats from multiple sources made the task all but impossible.

Then, sometime around 2003, researchers at Google developed MapReduce. This programming technique simplifies dealing with large data sets by first mapping the data to a series of key/value pairs, then performing calculations on similar keys to reduce them to a single value, processing each chunk of data in parallel on hundreds or thousands of low-cost machines. This massive parallelism allowed Google to generate faster search results from increasingly larger volumes of data.

Around 2003, Google created the two breakthroughs that made big data possible: One was Hadoop, which consists of two key services:

  • reliable data storage using the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)
  • high-performance parallel data processing using a technique called MapReduce.

Hadoop runs on a collection of commodity, shared-nothing servers. You can add or remove servers in a Hadoop cluster at will; the system detects and compensates for hardware or system problems on any server. Hadoop, in other words, is self-healing. It can deliver data—and run large-scale, high-performance processing jobs—in spite of system changes or failures.

Although Hadoop provides a platform for data storage and parallel processing, the real value comes from add-ons, cross-integration, and custom implementations of the tech- nology. To that end, Hadoop offers subprojects, which add functionality and new capabilities to the platform:

  • Hadoop Common: The common utilities that sup- port the other Hadoop subprojects.
  • Chukwa: A data collection system for managing large distributed systems.
  • HBase: A scalable, distributed database that sup- ports structured data storage for large tables.
  • HDFS: A distributed le system that provides high throughput access to application data.
  • Hive: A data warehouse infrastructure that provides data summarization and ad hoc querying.
  • MapReduce: A software framework for distributed processing of large data sets on compute clusters.
  • Pig: A high-level data- ow language and execution framework for parallel computation.
  • ZooKeeper: A high-performance coordination service for distributed applications.

Most implementations of a Hadoop platform include at least some of these subprojects, as they are often necessary for exploiting big data. For example, most organizations choose to use HDFS as the primary distributed file system and HBase as a database, which can store billions of rows of data. And the use of MapReduce or the more recent Spark is almost a given since they bring speed and agility to the Hadoop platform.

With MapReduce, developers can create programs that process massive amounts of unstructured data in parallel across a distributed cluster of processors or stand-alone computers. The MapReduce framework is broken down into two functional areas:

  • Map, a function that parcels out work to different nodes in the distributed cluster.
  • Reduce, a function that collates the work and resolves the results into a single value.

One of MapReduce’s primary advantages is that it is fault-tolerant, which it accomplishes by monitoring each node in the cluster; each node is expected to report back periodically with completed work and status updates. If a node remains silent for longer than the expected interval, a master node makes note and reassigns the work to other nodes.

Apache Hadoop, an open-source framework that uses MapReduce at its core, was developed two years later. Originally built to index the now-obscure Nutch search engine, Hadoop is now used in virtually every major industry for a wide range of big data jobs. Thanks to Hadoop’s Distributed File System and YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator), the software lets users treat massive data sets spread across thousands of devices as if they were all on one enormous machine.

In 2009, University of California at Berkeley researchers developed Apache Spark as an alternative to MapReduce. Because Spark performs calculations in parallel using in-memory storage, it can be up to 100 times faster than MapReduce. Spark can work as a standalone framework or inside Hadoop.

Even with Hadoop, you still need a way to store and access the data. That’s typically done via a NoSQL database like MongoDB, like CouchDB, or Cassandra, which specialize in handling unstructured or semi-structured data distributed across multiple machines. Unlike in data warehousing, where massive amounts and types of data are converged into a unified format and stored in a single data store, these tools don’t change the underlying nature or location of the data—emails are still emails, sensor data is still sensor data—and can be stored virtually anywhere.

Still, having massive amounts of data stored in a NoSQL database across clusters of machines isn’t much good until you do something with it. That’s where big data analytics comes in. Tools like Tableau, Splunk, and Jasper BI let you parse that data to identify patterns, extract meaning, and reveal new insights. What you do from there will vary depending on your needs.

InfoWorld Executive Editor Galen Gruman, InfoWorld Contributing Editor Steve Nunez, and freelance writers Frank Ohlhorst and Dan Tynan contributed to this story.

Source: InfoWorld Big Data

InfoWorld's 2017 Technology of the Year Award winners

InfoWorld's 2017 Technology of the Year Award winners

Imagine if the files, processes, and events in your entire network of Windows, MacOS, and Linux endpoints were recorded in a database in real time. Finding malicious processes, software vulnerabilities, and other evil artifacts would be as easy as asking the database. That’s the power of OSquery, a Facebook open source project that makes sifting through system and process information to uncover security issues as simple as writing a SQL query.

Facebook ported OSquery to Windows in 2016, finally letting administrators use the powerful open source endpoint security tool on all three major platforms. On each Linux, MacOS, and Windows system, OSquery creates various tables containing operating system information such as running processes, loaded kernel modules, open network connections, browser plugins, hardware events, and file hashes. When administrators need answers, they can ask the infrastructure.

The query language is SQL-like. For example, the following query will return malicious processes kicked off by malware that has deleted itself from disk:

SELECT name, path, pid FROM processes WHERE on_disk = 0;

This ability has been available to Linux and MacOS administrators since 2014 —Windows administrators are only now coming to the table.

Porting OSquery from Linux to Windows was no easy feat. Some creative engineering was needed to overcome certain technical challenges, such as reimplementing the processes table so that existing Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) functionality could be used to retrieve the list of running processes. (Trail of Bits, a security consultancy that worked on the project, shares the details in its blog.)  

Administrators don’t need to rely on complicated manual steps to perform incident response, diagnose systems operations problems, and handle security maintenance for Windows systems. With OSquery, it’s all in the database.

— Fahmida Y. Rashid

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Source: InfoWorld Big Data